Prayer In Public Schools :: Religion in Public Schools

Should a Catholic school be reimbursed by the state for school supplies? Should there be time set aside in school for kids to pray? These are some of the many questions the U.S. Supreme Court asks themselves when they are confronted with cases involving religion in school. Although there are some sound supporting arguments for prayer in school, the opposing arguments more than justify the non-religious atmosphere of public school. Supporting arguments for In School Prayer have little validity. For instance one argument is that the framers of the constitution were religious, so they didn’t mean to prohibit all government sponsored prayer or acknowledgment of â€Å"GOD.† This is assuming one way just to be in favor of the In School Prayer idea. Pro-Prayer activists also believe that it is VERY important for the nation’s children to have religious values instilled in them. I strongly disagree with this statement solely because they are assuming that someone without a religion has lower or no values as compared to a religious person. Valid arguments on this side of the issue are rare, but they do exist. One example is that in public polls, seventy-eight percent of the nations thinks prayer in public schools is a good idea. This logical at first, but the truth is many polls convey the notion that voluntary prayer before, after, and during school is forbidden. Another argument addresses the fact that religion is already everywhere anyway. It is on our currency, our leaders are sworn into office with reference to â€Å"GOD,† and our flag salute also contains religious statements. These are good points to address, however, I believe they are wrong as well. †Two wrongs don’t make a right.† Opposing arguments are a lot more convincing than the supporting points. First of all, students have the right to conduct religious practices on school property, so there is no need to set aside specific time in the curriculum

Current Ethical Issue in Business Paper

Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Pennsylvania State University: The Jerry Sandusky Scandal Recently Penn State University experienced traumatic events when Jerry Sandusky, former defensive coordinator for Penn State football, was accused of child molestation and endangerment. Not only did the accusations of Jerry Sandusky make the news nationwide but also the unethical actions of athletic director, Tim Curly, head football coach, Joe Paterno, and University Senior Vice President at the time, Gary Schultz. The following will define the issue and its basis, ground rules that manifested the situation, what brought the issue about, how did key individuals come into play and the ethical systems at work of these key individuals. There will also include a proposed plan for revising the ethical decisions made of this issue. Unethical Issues On Friday, March 1, 2002 Mike McQueary, a graduate assistant of Penn State, entered the locker room at the Lasch Football Building to place new sneakers in his locker (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). During the time Mike McQueary was in the locker room he heard noises coming from the shower. When Mike McQueary peered into the shower, he claims to have witnessed Jerry Sandusky naked in the shower and performing inappropriate actions with who appeared to be a 10-year-old boy (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). After leaving the locker room Mike McQueary notified his father of the actions, he witnessed. After hearing this news Mike McQueary’s father stated that Mike must inform head football coach Joe Paterno. On Saturday, March 2, 2002 Mike McQueary notified Joe Paterno of the incident the previous night (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Upon hearing this news Joe Paterno made a decision to notify his immediate superior, athletic director Tim Curly. Upon hearing this news from Joe Paterno, Tim Curly informed University Senior Vice President, Gary Schultz. More than a week later, Gary Schultz called Mike McQueary into his office to have Mike explain the details of what he witnessed to Gary Schultz and Tim Curly. Joe Paterno was not present during the meeting. Actions Gary Schultz and Tim Curly instituted toward Jerry Sandusky were the confiscating of the locker room keys and an incident report sent to The Second Mile, an organization Jerry Sandusky formed to elp young children. Mike McQueary, Joe Paterno, Tim Curly, and Gary Shultz never reported the incident to University Police. Basis of the Issue Tim Curly and Gary Schultz never reported the incident to police because they claim that Mike McQueary only reported â€Å"inappropriate conduct† that made Mike McQueary â€Å"uncomfortable,† but never mentio ned any sexual activity (â€Å"Penn State Scandal,† 2011). Thus, Tim Curly and Gary Schultz believed their solution to confiscate Jerry Sandusky’s locker room keys and inform The Second Mile organization was sufficient. Since both Tim Curly and Gary Schultz executed this decision, and without any knowledge of sexual crimes committed by Sandusky, there was no need to notify University Police (Curry, 2011). Joe Paterno believed at the time his decision to inform his immediate superior was the most ethical decision but realizes he should have informed authorities also. Situation Manifestation Any university must have ethics and ground rules to follow; however people must to follow anyway of proper conduct at home, professional, and to be a good citizen. No Adult in any situation or under any circumstances to have any sexual intercourse. A communication breakdown with official and the University of Pennsylvania University concerning about the sexual scandal with former football coach â€Å"Jerry Sandusky. † According to the Mike McQueary testimony that he testified when he first told Pennsylvania State Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen Jerry Sandusky doing to a boy in the football shower, back in March 1, 2002. According to Twitter accounts of McQueary's testimony from this morning provided by the Patriot-News, McQueary said that he had gone to the Lasch Football Building that night to pick up a pair of sneakers and a football game film from his locker; he heard a â€Å"rhythmic slapping sound† and saw in a mirror Jerry Sandusky in the shower with a boy who appeared to be 10 or 12. He believed Sandusky was â€Å"molesting the boy†: (Don Walvelton pp3, deadspin) McQueary told them that Sandusky was extremely sexual involved with minors, but they told McQueary that they will investigate and meanwhile Sandusky cannot be on football showers or close to a minor. However, Sandusky still showed up after the warning, McQueary was told by Curley and Schultz not to discuss the incident. McQueary should have handled this procedure differently not just calling his father, but he should have called the authorities. He should have looked for internal help from the university. It seems official overlooked the possible problems and possible future issues or the damage to the Pennsylvania State University image. The officials were charged with perjury because they did not pursue the investigation with diligent. This sexual abuse behavior of Sandusky could be preventing it by the first sign of sexual abuse, but the missed miscommunication and the allegations brought it up was extremely delicate. Another judge was point to the case because of conflict of interest. Evaluation of Ethical Systems No ethical systems were at work for any individual involved in the scandal at the organization of Penn State. The ethical dilemma was going on for more than 10 years. A few individuals had the chance to report information to a higher authority but did not, which became unethical business behavior. Mike McQueary used duty-based ethics by telling the Athletic Director Tim Curley and Vice-President Gary Schultz what he had seen in the shower the night of the incident. After McQueary informed the athletic director and vice-president he should have gone to a higher authority. The issue could have been handled better if there were ethical guidelines and protocols in place. It would have also helped if there was a formal documented interview with Jerry Sandusky and Mike McQueary along with all pertinent authorities. The organizational leadership was marginal at best, and it would be thought that leadership is something that every football team is taught to be a leader and team player. In this case the management did not show leadership. To have organizational leadership the organization must constantly be supervised with weak points identified. After investigating the incident the athletic director and vice president should have been leaders of the organization and forwarded the issue to the proper authorities. They failed to see the magnitude of the situation as well as the level of involvement an issue like this calls for. This is how the ethical behavior and responsibility differed between the employees and management. Mike McQueary’s responsibility was to tell the athletic director and vice president. Once management was notified, it was their responsibility to forward the issue on to the proper authorities for a proper investigation. Joe Paterno should have been notified constantly from Coach Mike McQueary, especially if the ethical dilemma continued to take place. Involving the head coach could have prevented secrets from being held back, and could have also kept jobs from being lost. Revising Ethical Standards These tragic events have led to the evaluation of the University’s Ethical Standards and Guidelines. As ethics become a more prevalent part of the academic system, Penn State has recognized the need for reform. Their current standards and guidelines are out-of-date and require attention. In order to effectively issue and implement changes, Penn State officials will need gather resources and assemble a plan. With any situation of this magnitude, the timeline between the event and the organizations response is crucially important. Penn State officials will need to address the matters in a timely manner to show their dedication to upholding the pride and principles Penn State was founded on. The first step in this plan should include a clear and precise set of regulations, guidelines, and principles. The essence of these materials should be detailed in nature while addressing every potential person or party that participates in the University’s program. This will aid in helping individuals make the correct decisions when they encounter ethical dilemmas such as this. As stated earlier, many of the individuals involved in this case felt as if they took the necessary actions toward the situation. Unfortunately, they were mistaken, but if they had a solid set of guidelines to refer to they would not be questioning the extent of their involvement as the guidelines would take them step by step through the proper protocol. After the compilation of the Ethical Standards and Guidelines, the next step would be to inform. Many organizations have such standards in place; however, not all organizations make this information readily available. In junction with making the newly developed Ethical Standards and Guidelines accessible to all members, Penn State should implement an educational training program mandatory for all members of its organization. This makes sure that every individual involved with campus activities is aware of basic ethical standards, methods of obtaining all ethical standards and guidelines, the severity of ethical misconduct, as well as resources should they have any questions or concerns about ethical dilemmas. The Penn State Scandal has become a media feeding frenzy. This is unfortunate as the school is very well renowned and based heavily on traditional values and principles. As a university with this level or prestige it is important to show the public their focus and determination in correcting these ethical shortfalls. Organizations that own up to their faults and go above and beyond in correcting them, receive more positive feedback from the public. This allows them to reclaim their dignity and rebuild confidence among the organization. The last step in this cycle is the evaluation of both short-term and long-term compliance. All ethical dilemmas should be reported to a committee or appointed group so the issues can be tracked, monitored, and learned from. If the revised Ethical Standards and Guidelines do not show a decrease in overall ethical issues these standards and guidelines should be carefully reevaluated. An organizations ethical system is always changing. As society changes so does our ethical system and ideal compliance. An organization should keep up with these changes and consistently monitor their own ethical system to ensure that it is operating efficiently. Ethics has long been overlooked, but the events over the past decade have forced all of America to reevaluate our ethical standards and systems. American Society will continue to change and events like the Penn State Scandal will open the door for many other victims to speak out. This will increase the importance of sound ethical practices within an organization. Organizations that want to grow and enjoy continued success will identify this trend and increase their focus on ethical standards. Although these three men believed at the time that each was making the most ethical decision, the decisions each man made was not enough. Whenever an incident occurs with children, no matter how innocent it sounds, authorities need to be notified. The choice not to involve authorities has had an extreme impact on the university, faculty, students, alumni, and surrounding community. Although these events are tragic, the University of Penn State must push forward and focus on rebuilding their ethical principles. With dedication and support from their students and faculty, Penn State will rebuild and establish a new set of traditions that teaches, informs, and pursues the act of ethical decision making. References Concertino, D. (2011). Penn State Scandal. Retrieved from http://deadspin. com/5868802/penn-state-witness-mike-mcquearys-testimony-some-kind-of-intercourse-was-going-on? tag=penn-state-scandal Curry, C. (2011). Joe Paterno Said to Delay Sex Assualt Report to Avoid Ruining Weekend. Retrieved from http://abcnews. go. om Penn State Scandal. (2011). Retrieved from http://espn. go. com Trevino, L. K. , & Nelson, K. A. (2007). Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right (4th ed. ). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. University Ethics. (2011). Retrieved from http://www. universityethics. psu. edu/ Wolverton, B. (2011). Failure to Alert Board Cost Penn State's Leadership Dearly. Retrieved from http://ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/detail? sid=b0f76a79-d87a-4deb-b3cb-c855305cbb33%40sessionmg r15&vid=3&hid=6&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#db=f5h&AN=67758895

The Federal Food And Nutrition Program Model - 1345 Words

The first option follows the federal food and nutrition program model mixed with wholesale pricing and distribution. Philadelphia, a metropolitan area with its share of struggling neighborhoods, has tried to find success by partnering with Food Trust; a regional advocacy group on the east coast funded by a variety of public and private sources (Hargreaves, 2015). The Trust â€Å"provides training on how to handle fresh produce, like not storing bananas next to apples† since â€Å"apples give off ethylene, which rots the bananas† (Hargreaves, 2015). In addition, the Trust gives advice on how to sell produce, as well as training with ordering and bookkeeping. For local store, Olivares, the Trust provided â€Å"money and expertise, sprucing up the store with a new refrigerated display case, awning, vegetable kiosk, as well as signs throughout directing customers to the† healthful options (Hargreaves, 2015). The Food Trust and Philadelphia’s health department became partners in 2010 and since, the Trust has to some degree or another renovated over 200 stores around the city. For reference, â€Å"a full-on conversion like Olivares cost about $60,000† (Hargreaves, 2015). Though somewhat costly and no guarantee, preliminary data suggests the makeovers are having a positive impact. Some participating stores offer monthly neighborhood health checkups, and early indicators are that people who shop in these stores are losing weight and lowering their blood pressure (Hargreaves, 2015). Nationwide, atShow MoreRelatedThe Supplemental Nutrition Program For Women890 Words   |  4 Pages The Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) was started in 1972, and was permanently established in 1974 by the USDA (WIC Fact Sheet, 2015; Brown, 2011). 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The relationship between diet and chronic disease made the federal government to issue dietary guidelines for Americans since1980 and publication ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Commodity Cost On Total Amount Spent On National School Food Programs1020 Words   |  5 PagesNational School Food Program Yousef F Alghamdi, School of Technology, NC AT State University Abstract— This paper provides statistical regression analysis model based on federal cost of school food programs. The main objective is to know how the commodity cost lead to increase or decrease of total amount spent on National school food programs. For this, simple linear regression analysis was used to know the absolute degree of effect.. Keywords — federal, school, food costs, programs. IntroductionRead MoreDietary Guidelines For The Diet And Chronic Disease Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pagesexposure can cause chronic illness such as energy, fats, sodium dietary fiber, and food exposures, etc. making it difficult to set dietary guidelines. In addition to some nutrient causing chronic diseases, nondietary factors such as stress, lack of exercise, smoking and other environmental factors are linked to causing chronic illnesses (Slavin, 2012). The relationship between diet and chronic disease made the federal government to issue dietary guidelines for Americans since1980 and publication ofRead MoreThe On The Healthy Hunger Free Kids Act1554 Words   |  7 Pagesfinancial crisis especially budgetary and spending issues. Improving child nutrition is everyone responsibility including our late president, Obama. President Obama signed Healthy Hungry-Free Kids Act in 2010. 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Essay on Unit 2 - Principles of Personal Development

Health and Social Care Assignment UNIT 2 - PRINCIPLES OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSIGNMENT OVERVIEW In this assignment, you will investigate standards that influence adult social care practice. You will look at examples of these standards and how they affect the role of social care workers. Personal development and reflective practice are important for social care workers, and you will be completing tasks that cover these concepts. You will look at the different ways that this is done, how you can benefit from it and who will support you. TASKS There are three task to this assignment. TASK 1 2 3 EVIDENCE Short answer questions Case study Reflective account OUTCOMES 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 1.2, 1.3 2.1, 2.2, 2.3 TASK 1 Social workers†¦show more content†¦Her attitude and beliefs should not affect its work. Should explain that her manners relates to the her cultutal as well as its rushed because shes wish that all is well and quickly done. and maybe that service usher has different beliefs than she, but that shouldnt effect her work. she cant let her personal beliefs affect her work. she has a responsiblity to take care of the client and to respect his beiefs and how he wants his care to be dealt with. If she still struggles to respect his wishes then she should take to a manager/supervisor and try to discuss this matter and if she cant overcome it then someone else should take over because she has to be professional and leave her own beliefs and ways outside of her work place and after all the client comes first, your there because the client needs your need. 3 Health and Social Care Assignment 2. Explain why it is important to reflect on your work activities. 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The United States Of America - 2072 Words

The United States of America has been celebrated as the great â€Å"Melting Pot† among the nations, and rightfully so. The influx of immigrants from multiple countries, cultures, and ethnic backgrounds have furthered diversified the beliefs, traditions, and expectations represented within our country. The influence that this diversity had upon our nation has shaped our country’s ideals and behaviors, which are still present today. The original intention behind the founding of our nation was to provide a way in which all people could be free to pursue their individual religious beliefs and way of living without having to fear persecution and discrimination, yet still be unified with their fellow countrymen. After all, we are the United†¦show more content†¦The mentality of our culture has certainly improved and people have become more aware of the unjust oppression that was present, due largely to writers who shared their experiences such as Maya Angelou and Sherman Alexie. Writers such as Angelou and Alexie aim to share their stories for two reason: so that we might not forget the bondage that many people had once been subject to, and so we become aware and do not overlook the injustices and acts of discrimination still being committed today. Although our nation has made many great leaps and bounds in fighting against discrimination, and such oppressive treatment should be all but extinct by now, discriminatory practices are still present today. Both Angelou and Sherman share the same objective: To relate their experiences in such a manner that will be used to inspire, and to open the eyes of our culture to segregation and discrimination currently invading our society. Angelou shares her narrative â€Å"Champion of the World,† which is excerpted from her book I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, and relays her experiences of discrimination. She illustrates the way in which her fellow African Americans were able to come together and rally around Joe Louis, who was a boxer and one of their only means to prove to the world

Corporate Finance Case Questions essay free essay sample

Problem 16-4: a) The after-tax cash flows for the two options are: b) The Net Present Value (NPV) of the two alternatives using an after-tax cost of debt of 8% is: c) Based on the NPVs of the two alternatives, I would recommend JLB Corporation to purchase the research equipment as it has a lower cash outflow than the leasing alternative. The cash flow after the three –year period is identical for both the alternatives thus the difference in the present value of the outflows of the three years is the basis for this recommendation. Problem 16-8: Conversion Price =Â   a) Conversion Price =Â   Conversion Price = $50/stock b) Conversion Price =Â   Conversion Price = $20/stock c) Conversion Price =Â   Conversion Price = $20/stock a) [1] Straight-debt value = PV of Loan Payments – Value of Warrants = $3,224,574.60 $50,000 = $3,174,574.60 [2] Implied Price of all warrants = $102,500 [3] Implied Price of each warrant = $102,500 / 50,000 = $2.05/warrant [4] Theoretical Value of a warrant = Book value = $1/warrant b) I think the price of debt with the warrants is too low with the warrants. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Finance Case Questions essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The price of the straight-debt is 5.82% which, in comparison with the price of the debt (no warrants), is quite low. c) The cost of debt (without warrants) is 7% while the cost of straight-debt with warrants is 5.82%. In the light of this comparison, I would recommend that the financing be carried out by issuing a debt with warrants. d) [1] Debt amount: $3,000,000 Interest expense: $300,000 [2] The following will be the after-tax cash flows for the next three years under the debt (with warrants) alternative: [3] The PV of the cash flows using a discount rate of 5.82% is: ($2,704,800.04). e) [1] The following will be the after-tax cash flows for the next three years under the financial lease alternative: [2] The PV of the cash flows using a discount rate of 5.82% is: ($2,116,656.45). Problem 17-1: a) If the Connors do not make the acquisition, for the next 15 years Salinas Boots will have the following tax and earnings: Tax Liability = $112,000 Earnings (after-tax) = $168,000 b) Since the acquisition would not change the pre-tax profits, the tax liability would be $112,000 and the after-tax earnings would be $168,000. Both would remain unchanged for the next 15 years. c) Based on the tax considerations, it would be a feasible action for the Connors to acquire Salinas Boots for $350,000 in cash. This is because of the fact that the $800,000 tax loss carry forward can be easily adjusted over the next fifteen years so that the tax liability of Salinas Boots will be lesser and the after-tax earnings would be higher than $168,000 per year. This cumulative earnings over the 15 years will have a higher value than the $350,000 cash payment today. Since Salinas Boots falls under the 40% tax bracket, the carry forward tax loss can be used to save significant amount of tax dollars. Problem 17-11: Ratio of Exchange =Â   Ratio of Exchange =Â  = 1.11 I would expect the share price of Henry Company (after the merger) to e $50.68/share. This is because of the price ratio of the stocks being different from the actual swap stock ratio. This difference will drive the price down from what is would have had been if the two ratios had been the same. Problem 18-1: a) Foreign Tax Credit available: Net Funds = $250,000 * (1-33%) * (1-9%) Net Funds = $152,425.00 b) No tax credit Net Funds = $250,000 * (1-33%) * (1-9%) * (1-34%) Net Funds = $100,600.50 Problem 18-6: The conflict between not paying bribes and maximizing shareholder wealth is clearly inevitable. Paying bribes would mean that the shareholders’ value would be maximized since the cash inflow generated from the bribes would be higher than the outflow of the bribes – this makes sense or else companies would not be paying bribes. If a company does not pay a bribe at all while doing business abroad, it will be confined to ethical standards, however, its competitors would be taking away the benefits of the market by paying the bribes. Thus there exists a conflict between ethics and the accountability towards shareholders of the responsibility to maximize shareholder wealth (Ross, Westerfield Jaffe, 2008). Foreign competitors paying the bribes would be able to maximize the wealth of their shareholders but at the cost of their ethical values. Thus, it is a very precarious decision that needs to be made for the management of companies operating abroad. The decision to pay bribes naturally would mean shareholder wealth would increase, however, the cost of losing an ethical position for the company could prove to be detrimental in the future. Thus, the choice is a difficult one for management leaders to make and often the pressure of shareholders can lead to companies foregoing their ethical considerations for the return of the shareholders to be decent. References Ross, Stephen E.; Westerfield, Randolph Jaffe, Jeffrey (2008) Corporate Finance, 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Myth Essay Example Rama - Bestessay4u.com

Rama is known as the maryada purushottama or an ideal person. He followed the dharma in all the roles he played, as a son, a king, as the husband of Sita and as the leader. As a son, it was his duty to see that the promise that his father King Dasaratha had made to Queen Kakeyi are fulfilled. He gave up his rightful claim on the kingdom and willingly left for the forest despite his father’s pleas not to go. He again maintained his dharma when brother Bharata came to the forest and begged him to return to Ayodhya. Rama was very touched by Bharat’s gestures but his dharma did not permit him to go without completing the fourteen years in the forest. As the husband he felt it his dharma to protect his wife Sita against all evils and dangers and was reluctant to take him to forest with him but her duty towards her husband forced Rama to give in. Even in the forest he looked after her very well and was grieved when Ravana adducted Sita. Rama felt he had failed in his duties a s husband to protect her. After fourteen years of exile, when they returned to Ayodhya and words reached his years that subjects were discussing that Sita was unchaste due to her long captivity in Ravana’s city, his dharma once again forced him to banish her from the kingdom. His duty as a leader, as a king came first. The kingdom is superior to an individual and his dharma at that moment was in the interest of the kingdom. In both the Iliad and the Bhagavad Gita, the heroes, Achilles and Arjuna confront moral conflicts. They amply demonstrate that reasoning cannot promote moral development. Both these heroes were carried away by emotions and impulse. Arjuna felt he was the doer and would be killing his kith and kin, despite assurances from Lord Krishna that he was not killing any human beings; he was only killing the vices and negativities. These appeared to be mere sermons to Arjuna till the end of Bhagavad Gita, when realization dawned on Arjuna. Achilles too withdrew into tent refusing to fight like Arjuna. Achilles was struggling between his own choices – social obligation towards his comrades and his sense of personal integrity. Each of them was initially carried away by emotions but when duty towards the society and mankind, stirred their consciousness, they retuned to the Warfield after resolving their inner conflicts and in a more enlightened state. Both portray that moral conflicts can be resolved when people work with detachment or non-attachment. Besides, one must be able to integrate with his own environment. These suggest to us today that emotions and impulse have no role where morality is concerned. Rationality is the proper vehicle for controlling impulse. Rationality is to work in harmony against diverse desires. Internal harmony stems from social accord and individual morality. Fear and anger give rise to delusions. These eventually become obstacle to moral virtues and moral behavior. References: Wikipedia (n.d.), Rama, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama#Dharma_of_exile 16 Dec 2006 Zigler, R. L. (1994), Reason and Emotion revisited: Achilles, Arjuna and Moral Conduct, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1741-5446.1994.00063.x 16 Dec 2006 Get Your Custom Research Paper Now You’ve probably tried writing that research paper yourself, but are only here because you needed help. Remember, buying research paper if you can’t do it yourself is always the right approach. It’s not the kind of task you can afford taking chances with. These heavily graded tasks need to be done the right way, the very first time. So buy a paper now.